Second Language "Standards For Success": Out Of Touch With Language Acquisition Research

Notes

1.	I thank Karen Rowan for helpful comments on an earlier draft of this paper.
2.	Standards for Success, http://www.s4s.org.
3.	For studies at the beginning level, see James Asher, "Children's First Language as a Model for Second Language Learning," Modern Language Journal, vol. 56, 1972, pp. 133-139; James Asher, "Children Learning Another Language: A Developmental Hypothesis," Child Development, vol. 58, no. 1-2, 1977, pp. 24-32; Ali Isik, "The Role of Input in Second Language Acquisition: More Comprehensible Input Supported by Grammar Instruction or More Grammar Instruction?" ITL: Review of Applied Linguistics, vol. 129-130, 2000, pp. 225-274; Michel Nicola, "Experimenting with the New Methods," Dialog on Language Instruction, vol. 6, 1989, pp. 61-71; Harris Winitz, "Grammaticality Judgments as a Function of Explicit and Implicit Instruction in Spanish," Modern Language Journal, vol. 80, no. 1, 1996, pp. 32-46. For intermediate level, i.e. teaching language through content or "sheltered subject matter teaching," see e.g. Harry Edwards, Mari Wesche, Stephen Krashen, Richard Clement, and Bastian Kruidenier, "Second- Language Acquisition throught Subject-Matter Learning: A Study of Sheltered Subject-Matter Classes at the University of Ottawa," The Canadian Modern Language Review, vol. 41, 1985, pp. 268-282; Philip Hauptman, Mari Wesche, and Doreen Ready, "Second-Language Acquisition Through Subject Matter Learning: A Follow-Up Study at the University of Ottawa," Language Learning, vol. 38, 1988, pp. 433-471; Robert Lafayette and Michael Buscaglia, "Students Learn Language via a Civilization Course - A Comparison of Second Language Acquisition Environments. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, vol. 7, 1985, pp. 323-342.
4.	Jeffery Stokes, Stephen Krashen, and John Kartchner, "Factors in the Acquisition of the Present Subjunctive in Spanish," ITL: Review of Applied Linguistics, vol. 121-122, 1998, pp. 19-25; Yon Ok Lee, Stephen Krashen, and Barry Gribbons, "The Effect of Reading on the Acquisition of English Relative Clauses," ITL: Review of Applied Linguistics, vol. 113-114, 1996, pp. 263-273; Warwick Elley and Francis Mangubhai, "The Impact of Reading on Second Language Learning," Reading Research Quarterly, vol. 19, 1983, pp. 53-67; Warwick Elley, "Acquiring Literacy in a Second Language: The Effect of Book-Based Programs," Language Learning, vol. 41, no. 3, 1991, pp. 375-411; Kyung-Sook Cho and Stephen Krashen, "Acquisition of Vocabulary from the Sweet Valley Kids Series: Adult ESL Acquisition," Journal of Reading, vol. 37, 1994, pp. 662-667; Beniko Mason and Stephen Krashen, "Extensive Reading in English as a Foreign Language," System, vol. 25, 1997, pp. 91-102.
5.	Standards for Success, op. cit.
6.	Standards for Success, op. cit.
7.	John Truscott, "Noticing in Second Language Acquisition: A Critical Review," Second Language Research, vol. 14, no. 2, 1998, pp. 103-135; Stephen Krashen, "Seeking a Role for Grammar: A Review of Some Recent Studies," Foreign Language Annals, vol. 32, no. 2, 1999, pp. 245-257.
8.	Stephen Krashen, Second Language Acquisition and Second Language Learning. (New York: Prentice-Hall, 1981). Available for free downloading at http://www.sdkrashen.com.
9.	Standards for Success, op. cit.
10.	Stephen Krashen, "The Input Hypothesis and its Rivals." In Nick Ellis, ed., Implicit and Explicit Learning of Languages (London: Academic press, 1994). pp. 45-77. Stephen Krashen, Explorations in Language Acquisition and Use: The Taipei Lectures. (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2003).
11.	Krashen, 1994, op. cit.
12.	Sandra Burger, "Content-Based ESL in a Sheltered Psychology Course: Input, Output, and Outcomes," TESL Canada, vol. 6 (1989), pp. 45-59.
13.	Harry Gradman and Edith Hanania, "Language Learning Background Factors and ESL Proficiency," Modern Language Journal, vol. 75 (1991), pp. 39-51.
14.	Dolly Jesusita Young, "An Invesigation of Students' Perspectives on Anxiety and Speaking," Foreign Language Annals, vol. 23 (1990), pp. 539-553; Steven Loughrin-Sacco, "More than Meets the Eye: An Ethnology of an Elementary French Class," Canadian Modern Language Review, vol. 49 (1992), pp. 80-101.