associates have also investigated empathy and second language acquisition in a series of studies with rather variable results. Their pilot study (Guiora, Lane, and Bosworth, 1967) found a 0.60 rank order correlation between French pronunciation accuracy and scores on the Micro-Momentary Expression Device (MME) for fourteen French teachers. Subjects were asked to detect changes in facial expressions and press a button with every perceived change; this was thought to be a reflection of empathy. Subsequent studies did not clearly support the hypothesis that empathy, as measured by the MME, is related to second language pronunciation accuracy. Taylor, Guiora, Catford, and Lane (1970) found that MME performance correlated negatively with pronunciation scores based on a dialogue after a short course in Japanese (28 college students served as subjects). There was a positive correlation between oral production and performance on the TAT Sensitivity to Feelings test. Taylor et al. comment as follows: "An interpretation of this result suggests that those individuals who are more aware of feelings are more sensitive to the details and specific aspects of the second language and reflect this in speaking" (p. 154).

In a third study, 401 Defense Language Institute students studying a variety of languages were given the MME and other tests. MME scores did correlate with pronunciation scores for several languages (Spanish, Russian, and Japanese), but a negative correlation was found for Thai and Chinese. Guiora, Brannon, and Dull (1972) suggest that this result may have been due to small sample size for these languages (Thai and Chinese).

Commenting on this series of studies, Schumann (1975) suggests: "... we must conclude that neither Taylor et al. nor Guiora et al. establish that MME is a valid measure of empathy, and that neither study makes it unquestionably clear that MME (and hence empathy) is positively related to authentic pronunciation of a second language" (p. 222). But Schumann continues to say that while "Guiora's theoretical speculations lack experimental verification... they do carry intuitive appeal" (p. 224).

The Alcohol Study (Guiora, Beit-Hallahmi, Brannon, Dull, and Scovel, 1972) is perhaps the most suggestive of this group. It was found that pronunciation of Thai sentences was best after 1 to 1 ½ ounces of alcohol (but not on an empty stomach). More or less alcohol

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