positing the presence of a "socio-affective filter". Performers with high or strong filters will acquire less of the language directed at them, as less input is "allowed in" to the language-acquisition device. The presence of such a filter, according to Dulay and Burt, may explain which of alternative models the acquirer will internalize (e.g. why children acquire the dialect of their peers rather than that of their elders), why acquisition prematurely ceases in some cases, and often what parts of language are acquired first. Thus, attitudinal factors relating to language acquisition will be those that contribute to a low affective filter.¹

The following summary of attitudinal factors will attempt to relate posited predictors of second language proficiency to these two functions.

Integrative motivation, defined as the desire to be like valued members of the community that speak the second language, is predicted to relate to proficiency in terms of the two functions. The presence of integrative motivation should encourage the acquirer to interact with speakers of the second language out of sheer interest, and thereby obtain intake. A low filter for integratively motivated acquirers is also predicted for similar reasons. In Stevick's terms (Stevick, 1976), the integratively motivated performer will not feel a threat from the "other" group (p. 113) and will thus be more prone to engage in "receptive learning" (acquisition), rather than "defensive learning".

Instrumental motivation, defined as the desire to achieve proficiency in a language for utilitarian, or practical reasons, may also relate to proficiency. Its presence will encourage performers to interact with L2 speakers in order to achieve certain ends. For the integratively motivated performer, interaction for its own sake will be valued. For the instrumentally motivated performer, interaction always has some practical purpose.

While the presence of integrative motivation predicts a low affective filter, the presence of instrumental motivation predicts a stronger one. With instrumental motivation, language acquisition may cease as soon as enough is acquired to get the job done. Also, instrumentally motivated performers may acquire just those aspects of the target language that are necessary; at an elementary level, this may be simple

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