may be too rushed or preoccupied with the message to adjust her output [p. 126]."

P thus illustrates the general characteristics of the successful Monitor user noted above. She is able to communicate well in both Monitor free and edited situations, applying the Monitor when it is appropriate to focus on form. Her performance is variable, in that she makes some errors in unmonitored speech, while her written output is quite close to the native speaker's norm. In a sense, she is able to achieve the illusion of the native speaker's syntactic level of performance by efficient, accurate monitoring.

Cohen and Robbins (1976) describe two more cases like this in their in-depth study of learner characteristics. Ue-lin, like P, can self-correct successfully, and describes her errors as "careless". She reports that she likes to be corrected and has the practice of going over teacher's corrections on her written work. Her background includes formal training in English.

Eva, also described by Cohen and Robbins, is also a Monitor user. Eva made the following statement, which appears to indicate a conscious awareness of Monitor use: "Sometimes I would write something the way I speak. We say a word more or less in a careless way. But if I take my time, sometimes go over it, that would be much easier.... Whenever I go over something or take my time, then the rules come to my mind [p.58]." This statement is easily translated into the vocabulary of the Monitor Model. "Sometimes I would write something the way I speak" reflects the use of the acquired system in language production when monitoring is not involved. Eva's comments about the "carelessness" of her spoken language, which are similar to Ue-lin's statement, simply reflect the fact that ordinary casual speech is usually unmonitored. "The rules come to [her] mind" when she focuses on the form of her utterance ("whenever I go over something"), rather than just on its function as communication.

Until the creative construction process has completed its mission in the adult second language performer, the use of monitoring in edited language can certainly be an aid. The world often demands accurate language, even from second language users, in just those domains where Monitor use is most possible--in the written language--and a clear idea of linguistic rules can be a real asset for the performer. An

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