Table 2.2. Formal instruction and second language acquisition
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Study                    Subjects                         Level               Other sources of comprehensible input available?
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Studies that claim instruction helps:
Briere (1978)          Native Mexican children          Beginning        No; promotoria is main source of Spanish
Krashen et al.         "Extension" univ. students       Beginning to     Only in some cases; some students new in U.S., others
 (1978)                                                  intermediate      do not use English in daily life
Chihara and Oller      Adult English students           Beginning to     No; foreign language situation with little use of English
 (1978)                 (EFL) in Japan                   intermediate      outside the class

Studies that claim instruction does not help:
Fathman (1975)         Children                         Intermediatea    Yes; classes (public school), playground
Hale and Budar         Adolescents                      Beginning to     Yes; classes in English, playground, possible inter-
 (1970)                                                  intermediate      language talk (see text)
Upshur (1968)          Adult ESL in university          Intermediate     Yes; classes and seminars given in English, informal
                        (summer session)                                    environment available
Mason (1971)           Adult ESL university             Intermediate     Yes; course work in English, also informal environment
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